Purine Salvage Enzyme HGPRT Movie in HD
One biochemical cause of gout is decreased levels of functional HGPRT, the enzyme shown here. Gout can also result from episodes of massive necrosis, renal insufficiency and other biochemical defects. Gouty arthritis results when uric acid crystallizes in the joint synovial fluid where it may be phagocytized by macrophages leading to cell lysis and inflammation. In the presence of HGPRT, guanine and hypoxanthine are salvaged by the transfer of a phosphate from PRPP to form GMP and IMP respectively. Decreased levels of functional HGPRT thus results in poor "salvage" of Guanine and Hypoxanthine. If this enzyme is defective, levels of PRPP may also be elevated. Both of these factors can cause increased flux through the de novo purine synthesis pathway and thus more uric acid formation. In the absence of HGPRT, unphosphorylated guanine and hypoxanthine are degraded by guanase and xanthine oxidase respectively; this results in the formation of xanthine, which is converted to uric acid via the enzyme xanthine oxidase. Excess conversion of xanthine to uric acid can lead to gout. The hereditary basis of gout is attributable to the location of the HGPRT gene on the X-chromosome. As one might expect, this is more common in males. Complete deficiency of HGPRT results in the tragic Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Gout is treated with allopurinol, an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which prevents the conversion of xanthine to uric acid.
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Gout Symptoms and Treatments
www.megavista-health.com Gout is a type of arthritis caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. Gout symptoms include inflammation, swelling and extreme pain. It is caused by crystal deposits in the joints as a result of excess uric acid. Gout is more common in men than in women, and overall, is an extremely common condition. Women are much more likely to experience gout after menopause. Gout has been one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions throughout history. www.megavista-health.com The excess uric acid that causes gout may eventually lead to the destruction of the joints, cause kidney stones and even permanently damage the kidneys. Gout can be hereditary, stemming from the bodys inability to process uric acid, leading to excess levels in the blood. Under normal circumstances, uric acid dissolves in the bloodstream, passes through the kidneys, and is excreted from the body in urine. www.megavista-health.com Obesity, heavy alcohol consumption, and high blood pressure may increase the risk of developing gout. Other diseases can lead to increased levels of uric acid in the bloodstream, and thus can contribute to the development of gout. These diseases include leukemia, lymphoma, and hemoglobin disorders. Certain events can precipitate a gout attack in those already susceptible to gout, such as dehydration, surgery, or injury to the joint. Effective gout remedies can control gout attacks under these circumstances and avoid added discomfort from ...
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